"Diabetes prevention and treatment of nutrition"

Abstract: Diabetes is a relatively common endocrine and metabolic disease, its incidence and genetic and nutrition are closely related, especially the nutritional imbalance leads to a marked increase in morbidity, and incidence of diabetes after the control diet are the basic therapy. This article in the diet on diabetes prevention and diet therapy principles outlined are intended to educate the vast majority of our residents through the right balance of nutrition to the prevention and treatment of diabetes.



Key words: diabetes prevention diet nutrition diet therapy



Diabetes is a very old disease, Chinese medicine called "Diabetes", that is, meaning thin polydipsia, modern medicine and found it was the human body because of absolute or relative lack of insulin caused by elevated blood glucose concentrations, and then sugar substantial emissions from urine, and a drink many, many urine, many food, weight loss, dizziness, weakness and other symptoms. The further development of the body causing all kinds of serious acute and chronic complications, threatening their health. Diabetes is usually divided into type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus in two.



1. The prevalence of diabetes

With the continuous improvement of living standards, diet changes, improvements in labor intensity, the increase of stress, the world of diabetes is growing at an alarming rate. According to WHO statistics, the global incidence of diabetes in 2004 reached 240 million. In China, according to a recent epidemiological investigation showed that the incidence of diabetes in our country from 15 years ago, rose to 0.67 percent of 3.21 percent in recent years, in which patients with type Ⅱ diabetes accounted for more than 95% of the total, most recently at the National 11 provinces and cities of more than 40,000 20-year-old to 74-year-old resident population survey of diabetes, diabetes incidence rate of 3.21%, diabetes, a "reserve army" (IGT) is an incidence rate of 4.76%. To estimate a population of 1.2 billion, China's 20 ~ 74-year-old age group with diabetes for more than ten thousand in 2000, diabetes patients with the "reserve army" of not less than 30,000,000, 50,000,000 Taken together. Experts estimate that if the diabetes is not effectively controlled, to 2010, China's incidence of the number will reach 60 million. In addition, in our country, the increase in diabetes incidence and also China's population aging. At the age higher than 60-year-old population, the incidence of diabetes has reached 11.62 percent, is worth mentioning that, Ⅱ diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents are in an increasing trend, mainly among children and adolescents with obesity groups increase. In China, the incidence of diabetes showed that the "three high" characteristics: the city was significantly higher than rural areas, the eastern than the western, economically developed areas than in economically backward regions. Thus clear that economic development, changes in diet increase in the incidence of diabetes are the main reason.



2, diabetes etiology and clinical manifestations of type

Etiology of diabetes 2.1

Cause of diabetes is not yet entirely clear that the traditional doctrine and consider the following factors:

2.1.1 Genetic factors universally acknowledged that diabetes is a genetic disease, genetics studies have shown that the incidence of diabetes at blood relatives and non-blood relatives have significant differences, the former 5 times higher than the latter. At the etiology of type Ⅰ diabetes mellitus in the importance of genetic factors was 50%, while in type Ⅱ diabetic its importance in more than 90%, thus causing diabetes type Ⅱ was significantly higher than the genetic factors of type Ⅰ diabetes mellitus.

2.1.2 the spirit of factors over the past decade, Chinese and foreign scholars to confirm the mental factors in diabetes occurrence and development of the role of think along with the spirit of nervous, emotional excitement and all kinds of stress can cause elevated blood sugar hormones substantial secretion, such as growth hormone, thyroid go epinephrine, insulin and glucagon, such as adrenal cortical hormone.

2.1.3 Obesity factors are now considered obese diabetes induced an important result, about 60% -80% of adult patients with diabetes were at prior to the onset of obesity, the degree of obesity and the incidence of diabetes was directly proportional to basic research materials have Abstract: With age, decreasing physical activity, the body muscle and fat ratio has changed as well. Since 25 years old to 75 years old, gradually reduce the muscle tissue, accounting for body weight by 47% to 36%, while the fat from 20% to 36%, the Department of the elderly, especially elderly obese many fat significantly increased in diabetic One of the main reasons.

2.1.4 Long-term feeding too much and not eating too much restraint, nutrition excess, so that the original has the potential of functional β-cell insulin Lower burden is too heavy, and the induced diabetes. Now at home and abroad have also formed a "Living the more affluent, more plump body, diabetes increased the more" concept.

In recent years, with diabetes research and the deepening of understanding, from molecular biology, electron microscopy ultrastructure, immunology, physiology biochemistry, such as multi-angle control of diabetes etiology and pathogenesis, there has been new understanding of .

2.1.5 infected with juvenile diabetes and HIV infection have a significant relationship between the infection-induced diabetes does not by itself alone can make a stealth diabetes significantly outside.

2.1.6, pregnancy-related experts found that the number of pregnancy and the incidence of diabetes, and many times easier to make genetic factors of pregnancy-induced diabetes weakening.

2.1.7, the current scientific view that genetic factors of diabetes by several genes are caused by damage: Ⅰ diabetes --- the sixth human chromosome short arm of the HLA-D gene injury; Ⅱ diabetes - insulin gene, insulin receptor gene, glucose dissolved enzyme gene and mitochondrial DNA damage. In short, no matter what type of diabetes, either because of genetic susceptibility and pathogenesis, or environmental factors, viral infection, in the final analysis are the result of genetic damage. In other words Diabetes is a genetic disease.



2.2 Clinical manifestations and classification

2.2.1 Clinical manifestations

Typical clinical manifestations of diabetes for more than three symptoms that is one less drink many, many urine, many food and weight loss; At the same time, the skin may appear easy to boil or carbuncle long, women have genital itching, skin itching and other symptoms of the elderly.

2.2.2 Typing

Diabetes can be divided into type Ⅰ diabetes mellitus (pancreatic β-cell destruction, the absolute lack of insulin, including immune-mediated and idiopathic types of), Ⅱ diabetes mellitus (insulin resistance mainly with the relative lack of insulin, or insulin secretion defects mainly associated with insulin resistance) Other specific diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus.



3, diabetes prevention and treatment of human nutrition

3.1 The goal of diabetes treatment

To be effective in treatment of diabetes, we must have clear goals of treatment of diabetes, which select the correct method of treatment, achieve the desired therapeutic effect. The main goal of diabetes treatment has the following aspects:

3.1.1 to correct high blood sugar and high blood lipids and other metabolic disorders, to sugar, protein and fat metabolism in the normal.

3.1.2 mitigation, such as high blood sugar caused by metabolic disorder symptoms.

3.1.3 Disease prevention and control acid poisoning prevention and treatment of acute complications and cardiovascular, kidney, eyes and nervous system such as chronic changes, extend the patients life expectancy and lower mortality.

3.1.4 obese should lose weight, maintain normal body weight to ensure that children and adolescents the normal growth and development, to ensure that pregnant women and gestational diabetes mellitus maternal smooth delivery, the maintenance of normal adult labor force, elderly patients with diabetes improve the quality of life.



Diet Therapy 3.2

Diet therapy treatment of diabetes are the most basic measures are the basis of all treatment. Diet on diabetes have a direct impact, so the treatment of diabetic diet is very important. Traditional Chinese medicine consider: Xiaoke because many alcoholics厚味, spleen injury, transportation of dereliction of duty, elimination Gu Jin consumption, while the change deficiency伤阴sexual heat based hair disease. Such as "Huang Di Nei Jing," said: "This plump by the hair also, this person must vegetarian Pamela and also many fertilizer, manure from an internal heat, Gambari who is in full, so the gas up to Xiaoke overflow." "Jing Yue Quan Shu" said: "Diabetes, its肇端disease are cream肥甘beam of change in labor satyric injuries, the people are rich and disease, and poverty are also rare." Pointed out that obesity, Living rich many disease, which modern medical understanding of the causes of diabetes in line. High or low blood sugar due to insulin secretion and into the number and type of food is closely related to diet and thus are the basis for the treatment of diabetes, regardless of what type of diabetes, severity or whether the complications, what medication should be strict diet control and long-term adherence. In the early 50's the past, Chinese and foreign treatment programs are low-carb, high fat, high protein diet consisting mainly. According to clinical practice has proved that such a diet for diabetes patients are not beneficial to islet function, while the high fat diet will increase the patient's vascular disease of diabetes, high protein diet would be caused by diabetic nephropathy increased the incidence. Current medical experts advocated a high amount of carbohydrate, lower-fat ratio, dietary protein intake control structure, to improve blood glucose tolerance have a better effect, the specific content of diet is as follows:

3.2.1 from time to time quantitative diet

Based on age, sex, occupation, standard body weight [(height -100) × 0.9] estimated the total daily calories. Males than females calories required every day to about 5%. And age of different sizes also have differences in the caloric needs generally are required per kilogram of body weight a few calories kilocalories for young people> middle-aged> the elderly, the average of the high 5% -10% per kg body weight / day. Different manual everyday energy consumption are also different. Light manual workers per kilogram of body weight daily calorie consumption 30-35kcal; Medium manual consumed per kilogram of body weight every day 35-40kcal heat; heavy manual workers per kilogram of body weight every day 40kcal need more than heat. In general, pregnant women, nursing mothers, malnutrition and wasting disease, as appropriate, should increase in obesity reduce it, so that patients maintain a normal body weight of 5%, and often can be satisfied with the control condition.



3.2.2 reasonable adjustments to the ratio of the three major nutrients

Dietary sugar, fat and protein ratio of the three major nutrients, it is necessary to make reasonable arrangements and adjustments. Not only achieve the purpose of treating disease, but also to meet the body's physiological needs. At present, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) advocates: Diabetes Patient carbohydrate diet should be accounted for 55% of total calories -60%; protein intake per day should not exceed 15% of total calories. Daily per kilogram of body weight 0.8-1.2g appropriate. Developmental stages of young people and pregnant women, nursing mothers or special-employed persons and other complications to the patient may酌加around 1.5g; daily total fat intake should not exceed 30% of total calories to the daily per kilogram of body weight 0.6 - 1g as well, such as obese patients, in particular, have high blood lipids or those who have arteriosclerosis, fat intake should be adjusted depending on the specific situation.



3.2.3 Calculation and calorie diet calculated

The supply of body heat has three kinds of nutrients: protein, fat, carbohydrates. One of carbohydrates and protein for energy per gram 4kcal (1kcal = 4.184kj), heat per gram of fat can 9kcal (37.74kj). Diabetic patients, according to its labor intensity may be required per person per day of total calories (kcal) in accordance with the 60% carbohydrates, protein 15%, fat 25% of the total proportion of distribution, to derive the various components of the supply of heat, and then heat production per gram of fat 9kcal, carbohydrate and protein per gram of 4 kcal heat production of the conversion of the supply of different nutrients required Patient weight, can be three meals a day, or four meals. Heat distribution for three meals a day Breakfast 1 / 5, lunch and dinner each 2 / 5. Heat distribution for the four meals Breakfast 1 / 7, and the remaining three of the 2 / 7. For example: a middle-weight 60kg manual, the normal size of adult diabetes patients, according to the daily per kilogram of body weight 40kcal heat calculation, the total calories for the day 2400kcal, pro-rata allocation in accordance with the above 1440kcal calories from carbohydrates that is, 360kcal of heat to Since the protein, 600kcal from fat. Provide the heat required to supply 360g carbohydrates, 90g protein, 66g fat.



4, diabetes prevention

Experts have pointed out that diabetes prevention for the four main points:

A LITTLE more than 4.1 to understand the knowledge of diabetes to understand that many, many hazards to understand their point, their prevention and control measures to understand that many.

4.2 The point is to eat less total calories intake less, not only the staple food to eat less, and non-staple food, especially high-calorie non-staple food have to eat less. Fu is not to think to eat, sometimes eat also eat out of trouble to come, it is necessary to eat properly and scientifically to eat, right to eat, eat Can not Hu乱吃.

4.3 A LITTLE ground action for keeping a certain amount of exercise. This control of the diet, coupled with increased exercise, weight would not be overweight. We already know that obesity is an important factor in causing diabetes, not obesity, diabetes opportunities are reduced. English proverb goes, said: "The longer the belt, the shorter life expectancy." So weight control is very important.

About obesity, there is one point everyone must be reminded. Obesity can be divided into two types, one called apple-type obesity, like an apple shape is round, particularly the stomach, the limbs are smaller, also known as central obesity. That obesity is the accumulation of fat at the heart, pancreas, liver and kidney around a great impact on the body, susceptible to diabetes, coronary heart disease and high blood pressure. Apple-type obesity is more common in men, women also have. Another called pear-shaped obesity, fat accumulation mainly at the buttocks and thighs, which the health effects of obesity on slightly smaller. Of course, not fat at all. If you have apple-type obesity, waist circumference is very thick, even more attention to strengthening the body may exercise.

4.4 This is referring to slightly relax the psychological adjustment problems. A good attitude is the prevention of diabetes has a positive effect. Since many eating, exercise less easily lead to elevated blood sugar, all kinds of psychological imbalance will be further enhanced insulin resistance, promote the occurrence of diabetes. Has this situation, maybe you originally had a lapse of two years will have diabetes, only because the spirit of a major stimulus for a long time with knitted brows, may soon have a diabetic.

In short, we want to achieve a balanced diet to prevent diabetes, at the same time during the treatment of diabetic patients, with particular attention to the importance of dietary treatment.